Indonesian History of Institution - Proclamation of Independence, which we commemorate each dated August 17, is a historic event for the Indonesian nation. Proclamation, has changed the course of history, awaken the people in the spirit of freedom. Freedom from all forms of colonialism. How true, the events that happened 64 years ago. Let's go back to the historical record about the Proclamation of Independence August 17, 1945.
Debate
Proclamation, was preceded by a great debate between the youth groups with older groups. Both groups of young and old groups, in fact both want independence as soon as possible done in an atmosphere void of power from the hands of the Japanese government. It's just about how to implement the proclamation that there are differences of opinion. Older groups, according to political calculations, argues that Indonesia can be independent without bloodshed, if it remains in cooperation with Japan.
Therefore, to declare independence, we need a revolution organized. Sukarno and Hatta, two groups of parents, intending to discuss the implementation of the Declaration of Independence in the meeting of Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI). That way, the implementation of the Proclamation of Independence did not deviate from the provisions of the Japanese government. This attitude is not approved by the youth group. They consider, that PPKI are bodies made in Japan. Conversely, youth groups wanted the implementation of the Proclamation of Independence, with its own strengths. Remove completely from the Japanese government interference. This dissent, resulting in the youth group emphases to the old group that encourages them to "kidnappings" of the Soekarno-Hatta (see Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, ed. 1984:77-81)
Dated August 15, 1945, about 22:00 o'clock, at Road No Pegangsaan East. 56 Jakarta, Bung Karno's residence, serious debate took place among a group of youths with Bung Karno about the Declaration of Independence as portrayed Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:58); Ahmad Soebardjo (1978:85-87) as follows:
"Now man, now! This evening we also wage a revolution! "said Saleh Chaerul Bung Karno convincingly that thousands of armed troops surrounded the city was ready to drive out with the intention of the Japanese army. "We've got to seize power!" Said Sukarni fiery. "We were ready to risk our lives!" They cried bersahutan. Wikana even dared to threaten Sukarno with the statement: "If the Bung Karno has not issued an announcement on this night, will result in the occurrence of the bloodshed and carnage the next day."
Hear words such threats, Soekarno-tempered and stand toward Wikana, saying: "This is the stem of my neck, my seretlah into that corner and cut my throat tonight! You do not have to wait for tomorrow! ". Wikana Hatta then warned: "... Japan is the past. We must now face the Netherlands who will try to return to host in our country. If you do not agree with what I have said, and thinks that the brothers were ready and able to declare independence, why did you not declare independence itself? Why ask Sukarno to do that? "
However, the youths continued to press, "whether we should wait until independence was granted to us as a gift, even though Japan had surrendered and had been subdued in the 'Holy War'!". "Why do not the people themselves who memprokla masikan independence? Why is not we who declared his independence of our own, as a nation? ". In a low voice, after his anger subsided, Sukarno said: "... a handful of power is not enough to fight the armed forces and the readiness of the total Japanese soldiers! Tell me, what can you show me? Where is the evidence that power to be reckoned with? What part of your security measures to rescue women and children? How to maintain independence after the proclamation? We will not receive aid from Japan or the Allies. Just imagine, how are we going up in his own strength. " Similarly Bung Karno replied calmly.
The youths, still demanding that the Soekarno-Hatta declared independence immediately. However, the two figures even then, remained at the original establishment. After repeatedly urged by the youth, Bung Karno replied that he could not decide himself, he must negotiate with other leaders. Bung Karno invites youth delegates to the negotiations. The figures were present at that time, among others, Mohammad Hatta, Soebardjo, Iwa Kusumasomantri, Djojopranoto, and Sudiro. Not long later, Hatta delivered a decision, that suggested the youth could not be accepted by reason of less computation and the possible emergence of many lives and property. Hatta hearing, the youth did not seem satisfied. They draw conclusions that deviate; kidnap Bung Karno and Bung Hatta, with the intention of removing the two figures from the Japanese influence.
4:00 o'clock dawn, dated August 16, 1945, Sukarno and Hatta by a group of young men taken to Rengasdengklok. Act of "kidnapping" was very disappointing, Bung Karno, as told Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:60). Bung Karno was angry and disappointed, especially because the youth would not listen to the sound discretion. They consider it as an act of patriotic deeds. However, look at the circumstances and situations that hot, Bung Karno has no other choice but to follow the will of the youth to take to a place they designate. Fatmawati his wife, and Guntur which at that time was not yet one year old, he had to include.
Rengasdengklok small town near Karawang chosen by the youth to secure the Soekarno-Hatta airport with military calculations; among members of PETA (Defenders of the Homeland) battalion with the battalion Jakarta, Purwakarta has established a close relationship ever since they entered training together. In addition, remote Rengasdengklok approximately 15 km. from Kedunggede Karawang. Thus, detection easily be done against any movement toward Rengasdengklok Japanese troops, both those coming from the direction from the direction of Jakarta and Bandung, or Java.
Full day, Sukarno and Hatta are in Rengasdengklok. The purpose of the youth to suppress them, so immediately implement the Proclamation of Independence apart from any connection with Japan, apparently to no avail. It seems that both have substantial authority. The youths who took him to Rengasdengklok, reluctant to make an emphasis on both. Sukarni and his friends, can only urge the Soekarno-Hatta to declare the proclamation as soon as possible as planned by the youth in Jakarta. However, Soekarno-Hatta just do not want pushed. Both clung to their own calculations and plans. In a bamboo hut-shaped platform in the middle of rice fields Rengasdengklok afternoon was hot debate; "Revolution in our hands now and we ordered the man, if man does not start revolutions tonight, then ...". "So what?" Shouted Bung Karno, rising from his chair, with a burning rage. All of surprise, no one moved or spoke.
When the atmosphere calm. After sitting Bung Karno. In a low voice he began to speak; "The most important in war and revolution is the right time. In Saigon, I've been planning all these jobs to run on 17 ". "Why is it taken on 17, why not now, or December 16?" Asked Sukarni. "I am a believer in the mystical." I can not explain with reasonable consideration, why on 17 more promising to me. But I felt deep into my soul, that it is a good time. Figure 17 is a sacred figure. First we are in the holy month of Ramadan, when we were all fasting, this means that most sacred moment for us. Friday December 17 tomorrow, Friday legi Friday, Friday the happy, holy Friday. Al-Qur'an descended on 17, the Muslims pray 17 cycles, and therefore the sanctity of the number 17 is not a man-made. " Thus, among others, the dialogue among Bung Karno with the youth in Rengasdengklok as written Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:61).
Meanwhile, in Jakarta, between Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo from the old group with the young group discussing Wikana of independence that must be carried out in Jakarta. Admiral Tadashi Maeda, willing to guarantee their safety during their stay in the house. Under the deal, Joseph Kunto of the youth, that same day Soebardjo Ahmad took along his personal secretary, Sudiro, to Rengasdengklok to meet Sukarno and Hatta. Rengasdengklok penjemput entourage arrived at around 17:00 o'clock. Ahmad Soebardjo provide assurance, that the Proclamation of Independence will be announced on August 17, 1945, no later than 12:00 o'clock. With that assurance, the company commander the local MAP, Cudanco Soebeno, willing to let go of Sukarno and Hatta returned to Jakarta (Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, ed. 1984:82-83).
Formulating Text Proclamation
The delegation arrived at the Soekarno-Hatta Jakarta at about 23:00. Jump into the house of Admiral Maeda Tadashi No.1 Jalan Imam Bonjol, after first lowering Fatmawati Sukarno and his son at home. Houses Laksamada Maeda, chosen as the site preparation of the text of the Proclamation because Maeda's own attitude which guarantees safety in the Bung Karno and other figures. De Graff was quoted Soebardjo (1978:60-61) describes this attitude as Maeda. Maeda attitude certainly gives the impression of strange for the people of Indonesia, because the Navy officer was always in touch with the people of Indonesia.
As a naval officer who has seen the world more than an average of an Army officer, he has a more precise view about the state of military people are a little narrow mind. He can speak several languages. He is responsible for Bukanfu officials in Batavia; Navy acquisition office in Indonesia. He specifically did not limit himself to his military duties, but that itself can be used to the atmosphere in Java, he established an information office for himself in the same place the leadership entrusted to Soebardjo. Through this office, which requires no small cost to him, he gained understanding of the problems in Java is better than what he got from the official bulletins of the Army. Moreover he ventured to build dormitories for young nationalist Indonesian nationalism. Prominent leaders, as seconded teachers to teach at the hostel. Doctrines rather radical propaganda. More agile than military men, he managed to take care of many nationalists who know for sure that the complaints and objections they can always be expressed to Maeda. Maeda attitudes like this that give flexibility to the nationalist leaders to do the activity that is most important for the future of their nation.
That night, the house of Admiral Maeda, Sukarno and Hatta, accompanied by Admiral Maeda meet Somobuco (head of public administration), Maj Gen Nishimura, to explore attitudes about the implementation of the Declaration of Independence. Nishimura said that because the Japanese had surrendered to the Allies declared, then the applicable provision that Japanese troops are not allowed to again change the status quo. Japanese troops are required to submit to command the Allied forces. Based on the policies executed line incline, the Soekarno-Hatta Nishimura prohibit PPKI meeting within the framework of implementation of the proclamation of independence surface. Seeing this fact, the Soekarno-Hatta to the conclusion that there was no point to talk about the independence of Indonesia's problem with Japan. They just hope that the Japanese side does not hinder the implementation of rainbow-ha proclamation of independence by the people of Indonesia itself (Hatta, 1970:54-55).
After the meeting, Sukarno and Hatta returned to the house of Admiral Maeda. Dining room in the house of Admiral Maeda had formulated the text of the proclamation of independence. Maeda, as host, resigned to his bedroom on the second floor when the historic event took place. Miyoshi, people trust Nishimura, along Sukarni, Sudiro, and BM Diah witnessed Soekarno, Hatta, and Ahmad Soebardjo discuss the formulation of the proclamation of the text. While the other characters, either from parents or groups of youth groups, waiting in the front gallery.
According Soebardjo (1978:109) in the dining room of Admiral Maeda home before midnight, the formulation of the text of the Proclamation will be read the next day prepared. Sukarno's proclamation of the concept of writing on a piece of paper. Hatta and Ahmad Soebardjo donate his thoughts orally. The first sentence of the text of the Proclamation is a suggestion that was taken from Ahmad Soebardjo Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai formulation, while the last sentence is a donation of mind Mohammad Hatta. Hatta consider the first sentence is simply a statement of the willingness of Indonesia to decide their own fate, in his opinion necessary to add a statement regarding the transfer of power (the transfer of sovereignty). So dihasilkanlah last formulation of the text of the proclamation.
After the group alone in the dining room was finished formulating the text of the Proclamation, and then they walked into the front verandah to meet with attendees who gathered in the room. At that time, early morning before dawn. Clock struck 4:00, Sukarno began to open the meeting by reading the text of the Proclamation which formulation is still a draft. Soebardjo (1978:109-110) describes the atmosphere at that time: "The Proclamation of typed text, we use the opportunity to take food and drink from the kitchen, which had been prepared previously by our host who had gone to his bedroom upstairs. We have not eaten anything, when left Rengasdengklok. Moon was the holy month of Ramadan and the time is running out for the meal, last meal before the dawn prayer. Once we receive back a text that has been typed, we all headed to the big room at the front of the house. Everyone stood and there are no chairs in the room. I mingled with some members of the committee in the middle of the room. Sukarni standing beside me. Sukarno Hatta stood facing the audience accompanies. Time show at 04:00 am on August 17, 1945, when Sukarno was opened early morning meeting with a few words.
"The state of emergency has forced us all to accelerate implementation of the Declaration of Independence. The draft text has been prepared to read in front of her brothers and I expect it is true that the brothers could all agree that we can go on and finish our work before dawn. " To those who attended, Sukarno suggested that the manuscript jointly signed the proclamation as representatives of the Indonesian nation. The suggestion is strengthened by Mohammad Hatta, by taking the example of the "Declaration of Independence" the United States. The proposal was opposed by the youth who do not agree that the old class figures which he called "the slaves of Japan" co-signed a proclamation script. Sukarni proposed that the signatories to the proclamation of the script was quite two people only, namely Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation. Sukarni proposal was received by the audience.
Manuscript was typed by Sajuti Melik, immediately signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta. Problems arise about how it should be announced Proclamation to the people across Indonesia, and also to all corners of the world. Where and how this should be held? According Soebardjo (1978:113), Sukarni then inform you that the people of Jakarta and its surroundings, has been called to come in droves to the field IKADA on August 17 to hear the Declaration of Independence. But Sukarno rejected suggestions Sukarni. "No," said Sukarno, "is better done at my residence in East Pegangsaan. Yards in front of the house large enough for hundreds of people. For what we have to fishing for the incident? IKADA field is the field general. A general meeting, without prior arranged by the military rulers, may lead to misunderstanding. A violent clash between the people and the military authorities who would dismiss such a general meeting, will probably happen. Therefore, I ask you all to attend the East Pegangsaan 56 around 10:00 in the morning. "So the last decision of the meeting.
Detik-Detik Proclamation
On Friday in the month of Ramadan, at 5:00 in the morning, the dawn of August 17, 1945 in the eastern horizon emanates. Morning dew still hanging on the edge of the leaf. The nation's leaders and youth leaders out of the house of Admiral Maeda, suffused with pride after formulating the text of the proclamation until dawn. They have agreed to declare the independence of the Indonesian people that day in the house of Soekarno, Jalan Timur No. Pegangsaan. 56 Jakarta, at 10:00 o'clock in the morning. Bung Hatta had time to instruct young people who worked on the press and news agencies, to reproduce the text of the proclamation and spread to the whole world (Hatta, 1970:53).
Towards the implementation of the Declaration of Independence, the atmosphere at the 56th Street East Pegangsaan quite busy. Vice Mayor, Soewirjo, ordered to Mr. Wilopo to prepare the necessary equipment such as microphones and multiple loudspeakers. While Sudiro ordered to S. Suhud to prepare a flagpole. Because the situation is tense, Suhud not remember that in front of the house of Soekarno, there are two metal flagpoles are not used. Instead he was looking for a bamboo pole behind the house. Bamboo was cleaned and given a rope. Then planted a few steps from the porch of the house. The flag is sewn by hand by Mrs. Fatmawati Soekarno was prepared. The shape and size of the flag was not standardized, because the fabric is not perfect size. Indeed, the cloth was not originally prepared for the flag.
Meanwhile, the people who already know will be implemented Independence had gathered. Soekarno's house has been overrun by a mass of young people and the people that marched regularly. Some people seem nervous, worried about the intrusion of the Japanese. The sun was getting higher, the Proclamation had not yet begun. It was Sukarno attacked by pain, night chills and a new continuous sleep after they finish formulated text of the Proclamation. The guest has arrived, the people who have been waiting since morning, was getting impatient again. They are filled with eager tense atmosphere hard to ensure that the Proclamation be done immediately. The youths who can not wait, start pressing Bung Karno to immediately read the text of the Proclamation. However, Bung Karno did not want to read the text of the proclamation without the presence of Mohammad Hatta. Five minutes before the ceremony began, Mohammad Hatta comes with a white-and-white clothes and headed straight for Sukarno's room. While welcoming the arrival of Mohammad Hatta, Sukarno rose from his bed, then get dressed. He also wore white-and-white Stelan. Then both of them toward the ceremony.
Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro (1984:92-94) describes the ceremonial reading of the Proclamation's text. The ceremony took place was simple. Without the protocol. Latief Hendraningrat, a member of PETA, immediately signaled to the entire row of young men who have been waiting since morning to stand. Simultaneously all standing upright with perfect attitude. Latief then lets Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta took a few steps toward the microphone. With a steady and clear voice, a brief introductory speech Sukarno before reading the text of the proclamation.
"Ladies and gentlemen! I've asked you here present, to witness a most important event in our history. Decades of our nation of Indonesia has struggled for the independence of our country. Even hundreds of years. Wave action we are to achieve our independence there was no increase in the decline. But our souls remain toward ideals. Also in the Japanese era, our efforts to achieve national independence did not stop. In the Japanese era seems we just rely on them. But in fact, still we develop our own energy. Fixed we believe in the power of its own. Now it's time we really take the fate of the nation and the fate of our homeland in our own hands. Only people who dares to take fate in own hands, will be able to stand strong. So we, last night held a meeting with leaders of the Indonesian people from all over Indonesia, it was unanimous-consent of one word opinion, that now come the time to declare our independence.
My brothers! We hereby declare that determination. Hear Our Proclamation: Proclamation; We Indonesian people hereby declare independence of Indonesia. Things about the transfer of power and others, organized and thorough manner in the shortest possible date. Jakarta, August 17, 1945. On behalf of the Indonesian Soekarno / Hatta.
So brothers and sisters! We now have been independence. There is no one else ties that bind our homeland and our nation! From this moment we are preparing our country! Independent States. Republic of Indonesia independence, eternal, and eternal. Inshallah, God bless our liberty. " (Koesnodiprojo, 1951).
The event, followed by a flag raising ceremony. Sukarno and Hatta took a few steps down the last stair of the front porch, approximately two meters in front of the pole. When S. K. Trimurti requested forward to flying the flag, he refuses: "better a soldier," he said. Without telling anyone, Latief Hendraningrat PETA green uniform filthy advanced to near the flagpole. S. Suhud took the flag from the top tray which has been provided and tied on a rope assisted by Latief Hendraningrat.
The flag is raised slowly. Without the lead, the audience spontaneously singing Indonesia Raya. Flag dikerek with very slow, to adjust to the rhythm of Indonesia Raya songs long enough. After the flag raising, followed by a welcome speech from Mayor Soewirjo and dr. Muwardi.
After the ceremonial reading of the Declaration of Independence, Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:77) suggests that there is an army of pioneers who numbered rows approximately 100 people under the leadership of S. Brata, entered the yard of Sukarno. They came too late. With a loud voice full of disappointment S. Brata advised to read the Proclamation, Bung Karno once again. Bung Karno heard the cry does not have the heart, he stepped out of his room. In front of a microphone mouthpiece he explained that the Proclamation only spoken one time and is valid forever. Brata heard the statement that was not satisfied, he asked that Bung Karno gave a brief message. This time the demand is met. Completion ceremony of the people still do not want to move, some members of the Barisan Pioneer still sat huddled in front of the room Bung Karno.
Not long after the Bung Hatta home, according to Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:79) came three lords of Japan. They were ordered to wait in the back room, without a chair. Sudiro been able to guess, why they came. The members of the Barisan Pioneers began surrounding him. Bung Karno was wearing pajamas when Sudiro in, so had to get dressed again. Then came the dialogue between the envoys of Japan with the Bung Karno: "We sent out by Gunseikan Kakka, came here to say Proclamation prohibits Sukarno." "Proclamation had my say," replied calmly Bung Karno. "Have?" Asked the Japanese delegation was surprised. "Yes, already!" Said Bung Karno. Japanese envoy around, eyes bulging and young people have placed their hands over their respective machetes. Viewing these circumstances, the Japanese people were immediately excused himself. Meanwhile, Latief Hendraningrat pensive thought negligence. Because gripped with tense atmosphere, he forgot to call Soetarto from PFN to document the event. Luckily, there were Frans IPPHOS Mendur of the plate only three sheets of film (at that time there was no roll of film). So, from all that historic event, the documentation there are only three, namely when reading the text of the Proclamation, Bung Karno, during the flag raising, and some images the audience who witnessed the incident.
Cover
Major historical events that have changed the way the history of the Indonesian nation lasted only one hour, with full kehidmatan. Although very simple, but he has brought remarkable changes in the way of Indonesian history. "Echoes of the bell of independence" sounds to all corners of the Archipelago and spread throughout the world. The youths, students, and officials of the Indonesian nation in service-critical communications department works diligently contents of the proclamation was broadcast throughout the country. Indonesian journalists who worked on the Japanese news agency Domei, though has been sealed by the Japanese government, they tried to propagate the proclamation that echoes throughout the world.
Free Cultural Festival!
Source news>>> Secretariat of State
Prof. Dr. H. Dadan Wildan, M. Hum
Staff of the Special Minister of State Secretary R.I.
Proclamation, was preceded by a great debate between the youth groups with older groups. Both groups of young and old groups, in fact both want independence as soon as possible done in an atmosphere void of power from the hands of the Japanese government. It's just about how to implement the proclamation that there are differences of opinion. Older groups, according to political calculations, argues that Indonesia can be independent without bloodshed, if it remains in cooperation with Japan.
Therefore, to declare independence, we need a revolution organized. Sukarno and Hatta, two groups of parents, intending to discuss the implementation of the Declaration of Independence in the meeting of Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI). That way, the implementation of the Proclamation of Independence did not deviate from the provisions of the Japanese government. This attitude is not approved by the youth group. They consider, that PPKI are bodies made in Japan. Conversely, youth groups wanted the implementation of the Proclamation of Independence, with its own strengths. Remove completely from the Japanese government interference. This dissent, resulting in the youth group emphases to the old group that encourages them to "kidnappings" of the Soekarno-Hatta (see Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, ed. 1984:77-81)
Dated August 15, 1945, about 22:00 o'clock, at Road No Pegangsaan East. 56 Jakarta, Bung Karno's residence, serious debate took place among a group of youths with Bung Karno about the Declaration of Independence as portrayed Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:58); Ahmad Soebardjo (1978:85-87) as follows:
"Now man, now! This evening we also wage a revolution! "said Saleh Chaerul Bung Karno convincingly that thousands of armed troops surrounded the city was ready to drive out with the intention of the Japanese army. "We've got to seize power!" Said Sukarni fiery. "We were ready to risk our lives!" They cried bersahutan. Wikana even dared to threaten Sukarno with the statement: "If the Bung Karno has not issued an announcement on this night, will result in the occurrence of the bloodshed and carnage the next day."
Hear words such threats, Soekarno-tempered and stand toward Wikana, saying: "This is the stem of my neck, my seretlah into that corner and cut my throat tonight! You do not have to wait for tomorrow! ". Wikana Hatta then warned: "... Japan is the past. We must now face the Netherlands who will try to return to host in our country. If you do not agree with what I have said, and thinks that the brothers were ready and able to declare independence, why did you not declare independence itself? Why ask Sukarno to do that? "
However, the youths continued to press, "whether we should wait until independence was granted to us as a gift, even though Japan had surrendered and had been subdued in the 'Holy War'!". "Why do not the people themselves who memprokla masikan independence? Why is not we who declared his independence of our own, as a nation? ". In a low voice, after his anger subsided, Sukarno said: "... a handful of power is not enough to fight the armed forces and the readiness of the total Japanese soldiers! Tell me, what can you show me? Where is the evidence that power to be reckoned with? What part of your security measures to rescue women and children? How to maintain independence after the proclamation? We will not receive aid from Japan or the Allies. Just imagine, how are we going up in his own strength. " Similarly Bung Karno replied calmly.
The youths, still demanding that the Soekarno-Hatta declared independence immediately. However, the two figures even then, remained at the original establishment. After repeatedly urged by the youth, Bung Karno replied that he could not decide himself, he must negotiate with other leaders. Bung Karno invites youth delegates to the negotiations. The figures were present at that time, among others, Mohammad Hatta, Soebardjo, Iwa Kusumasomantri, Djojopranoto, and Sudiro. Not long later, Hatta delivered a decision, that suggested the youth could not be accepted by reason of less computation and the possible emergence of many lives and property. Hatta hearing, the youth did not seem satisfied. They draw conclusions that deviate; kidnap Bung Karno and Bung Hatta, with the intention of removing the two figures from the Japanese influence.
4:00 o'clock dawn, dated August 16, 1945, Sukarno and Hatta by a group of young men taken to Rengasdengklok. Act of "kidnapping" was very disappointing, Bung Karno, as told Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:60). Bung Karno was angry and disappointed, especially because the youth would not listen to the sound discretion. They consider it as an act of patriotic deeds. However, look at the circumstances and situations that hot, Bung Karno has no other choice but to follow the will of the youth to take to a place they designate. Fatmawati his wife, and Guntur which at that time was not yet one year old, he had to include.
Rengasdengklok small town near Karawang chosen by the youth to secure the Soekarno-Hatta airport with military calculations; among members of PETA (Defenders of the Homeland) battalion with the battalion Jakarta, Purwakarta has established a close relationship ever since they entered training together. In addition, remote Rengasdengklok approximately 15 km. from Kedunggede Karawang. Thus, detection easily be done against any movement toward Rengasdengklok Japanese troops, both those coming from the direction from the direction of Jakarta and Bandung, or Java.
Full day, Sukarno and Hatta are in Rengasdengklok. The purpose of the youth to suppress them, so immediately implement the Proclamation of Independence apart from any connection with Japan, apparently to no avail. It seems that both have substantial authority. The youths who took him to Rengasdengklok, reluctant to make an emphasis on both. Sukarni and his friends, can only urge the Soekarno-Hatta to declare the proclamation as soon as possible as planned by the youth in Jakarta. However, Soekarno-Hatta just do not want pushed. Both clung to their own calculations and plans. In a bamboo hut-shaped platform in the middle of rice fields Rengasdengklok afternoon was hot debate; "Revolution in our hands now and we ordered the man, if man does not start revolutions tonight, then ...". "So what?" Shouted Bung Karno, rising from his chair, with a burning rage. All of surprise, no one moved or spoke.
When the atmosphere calm. After sitting Bung Karno. In a low voice he began to speak; "The most important in war and revolution is the right time. In Saigon, I've been planning all these jobs to run on 17 ". "Why is it taken on 17, why not now, or December 16?" Asked Sukarni. "I am a believer in the mystical." I can not explain with reasonable consideration, why on 17 more promising to me. But I felt deep into my soul, that it is a good time. Figure 17 is a sacred figure. First we are in the holy month of Ramadan, when we were all fasting, this means that most sacred moment for us. Friday December 17 tomorrow, Friday legi Friday, Friday the happy, holy Friday. Al-Qur'an descended on 17, the Muslims pray 17 cycles, and therefore the sanctity of the number 17 is not a man-made. " Thus, among others, the dialogue among Bung Karno with the youth in Rengasdengklok as written Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:61).
Meanwhile, in Jakarta, between Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo from the old group with the young group discussing Wikana of independence that must be carried out in Jakarta. Admiral Tadashi Maeda, willing to guarantee their safety during their stay in the house. Under the deal, Joseph Kunto of the youth, that same day Soebardjo Ahmad took along his personal secretary, Sudiro, to Rengasdengklok to meet Sukarno and Hatta. Rengasdengklok penjemput entourage arrived at around 17:00 o'clock. Ahmad Soebardjo provide assurance, that the Proclamation of Independence will be announced on August 17, 1945, no later than 12:00 o'clock. With that assurance, the company commander the local MAP, Cudanco Soebeno, willing to let go of Sukarno and Hatta returned to Jakarta (Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, ed. 1984:82-83).
Formulating Text Proclamation
The delegation arrived at the Soekarno-Hatta Jakarta at about 23:00. Jump into the house of Admiral Maeda Tadashi No.1 Jalan Imam Bonjol, after first lowering Fatmawati Sukarno and his son at home. Houses Laksamada Maeda, chosen as the site preparation of the text of the Proclamation because Maeda's own attitude which guarantees safety in the Bung Karno and other figures. De Graff was quoted Soebardjo (1978:60-61) describes this attitude as Maeda. Maeda attitude certainly gives the impression of strange for the people of Indonesia, because the Navy officer was always in touch with the people of Indonesia.
As a naval officer who has seen the world more than an average of an Army officer, he has a more precise view about the state of military people are a little narrow mind. He can speak several languages. He is responsible for Bukanfu officials in Batavia; Navy acquisition office in Indonesia. He specifically did not limit himself to his military duties, but that itself can be used to the atmosphere in Java, he established an information office for himself in the same place the leadership entrusted to Soebardjo. Through this office, which requires no small cost to him, he gained understanding of the problems in Java is better than what he got from the official bulletins of the Army. Moreover he ventured to build dormitories for young nationalist Indonesian nationalism. Prominent leaders, as seconded teachers to teach at the hostel. Doctrines rather radical propaganda. More agile than military men, he managed to take care of many nationalists who know for sure that the complaints and objections they can always be expressed to Maeda. Maeda attitudes like this that give flexibility to the nationalist leaders to do the activity that is most important for the future of their nation.
That night, the house of Admiral Maeda, Sukarno and Hatta, accompanied by Admiral Maeda meet Somobuco (head of public administration), Maj Gen Nishimura, to explore attitudes about the implementation of the Declaration of Independence. Nishimura said that because the Japanese had surrendered to the Allies declared, then the applicable provision that Japanese troops are not allowed to again change the status quo. Japanese troops are required to submit to command the Allied forces. Based on the policies executed line incline, the Soekarno-Hatta Nishimura prohibit PPKI meeting within the framework of implementation of the proclamation of independence surface. Seeing this fact, the Soekarno-Hatta to the conclusion that there was no point to talk about the independence of Indonesia's problem with Japan. They just hope that the Japanese side does not hinder the implementation of rainbow-ha proclamation of independence by the people of Indonesia itself (Hatta, 1970:54-55).
After the meeting, Sukarno and Hatta returned to the house of Admiral Maeda. Dining room in the house of Admiral Maeda had formulated the text of the proclamation of independence. Maeda, as host, resigned to his bedroom on the second floor when the historic event took place. Miyoshi, people trust Nishimura, along Sukarni, Sudiro, and BM Diah witnessed Soekarno, Hatta, and Ahmad Soebardjo discuss the formulation of the proclamation of the text. While the other characters, either from parents or groups of youth groups, waiting in the front gallery.
According Soebardjo (1978:109) in the dining room of Admiral Maeda home before midnight, the formulation of the text of the Proclamation will be read the next day prepared. Sukarno's proclamation of the concept of writing on a piece of paper. Hatta and Ahmad Soebardjo donate his thoughts orally. The first sentence of the text of the Proclamation is a suggestion that was taken from Ahmad Soebardjo Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai formulation, while the last sentence is a donation of mind Mohammad Hatta. Hatta consider the first sentence is simply a statement of the willingness of Indonesia to decide their own fate, in his opinion necessary to add a statement regarding the transfer of power (the transfer of sovereignty). So dihasilkanlah last formulation of the text of the proclamation.
After the group alone in the dining room was finished formulating the text of the Proclamation, and then they walked into the front verandah to meet with attendees who gathered in the room. At that time, early morning before dawn. Clock struck 4:00, Sukarno began to open the meeting by reading the text of the Proclamation which formulation is still a draft. Soebardjo (1978:109-110) describes the atmosphere at that time: "The Proclamation of typed text, we use the opportunity to take food and drink from the kitchen, which had been prepared previously by our host who had gone to his bedroom upstairs. We have not eaten anything, when left Rengasdengklok. Moon was the holy month of Ramadan and the time is running out for the meal, last meal before the dawn prayer. Once we receive back a text that has been typed, we all headed to the big room at the front of the house. Everyone stood and there are no chairs in the room. I mingled with some members of the committee in the middle of the room. Sukarni standing beside me. Sukarno Hatta stood facing the audience accompanies. Time show at 04:00 am on August 17, 1945, when Sukarno was opened early morning meeting with a few words.
"The state of emergency has forced us all to accelerate implementation of the Declaration of Independence. The draft text has been prepared to read in front of her brothers and I expect it is true that the brothers could all agree that we can go on and finish our work before dawn. " To those who attended, Sukarno suggested that the manuscript jointly signed the proclamation as representatives of the Indonesian nation. The suggestion is strengthened by Mohammad Hatta, by taking the example of the "Declaration of Independence" the United States. The proposal was opposed by the youth who do not agree that the old class figures which he called "the slaves of Japan" co-signed a proclamation script. Sukarni proposed that the signatories to the proclamation of the script was quite two people only, namely Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation. Sukarni proposal was received by the audience.
Manuscript was typed by Sajuti Melik, immediately signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta. Problems arise about how it should be announced Proclamation to the people across Indonesia, and also to all corners of the world. Where and how this should be held? According Soebardjo (1978:113), Sukarni then inform you that the people of Jakarta and its surroundings, has been called to come in droves to the field IKADA on August 17 to hear the Declaration of Independence. But Sukarno rejected suggestions Sukarni. "No," said Sukarno, "is better done at my residence in East Pegangsaan. Yards in front of the house large enough for hundreds of people. For what we have to fishing for the incident? IKADA field is the field general. A general meeting, without prior arranged by the military rulers, may lead to misunderstanding. A violent clash between the people and the military authorities who would dismiss such a general meeting, will probably happen. Therefore, I ask you all to attend the East Pegangsaan 56 around 10:00 in the morning. "So the last decision of the meeting.
Detik-Detik Proclamation
On Friday in the month of Ramadan, at 5:00 in the morning, the dawn of August 17, 1945 in the eastern horizon emanates. Morning dew still hanging on the edge of the leaf. The nation's leaders and youth leaders out of the house of Admiral Maeda, suffused with pride after formulating the text of the proclamation until dawn. They have agreed to declare the independence of the Indonesian people that day in the house of Soekarno, Jalan Timur No. Pegangsaan. 56 Jakarta, at 10:00 o'clock in the morning. Bung Hatta had time to instruct young people who worked on the press and news agencies, to reproduce the text of the proclamation and spread to the whole world (Hatta, 1970:53).
Towards the implementation of the Declaration of Independence, the atmosphere at the 56th Street East Pegangsaan quite busy. Vice Mayor, Soewirjo, ordered to Mr. Wilopo to prepare the necessary equipment such as microphones and multiple loudspeakers. While Sudiro ordered to S. Suhud to prepare a flagpole. Because the situation is tense, Suhud not remember that in front of the house of Soekarno, there are two metal flagpoles are not used. Instead he was looking for a bamboo pole behind the house. Bamboo was cleaned and given a rope. Then planted a few steps from the porch of the house. The flag is sewn by hand by Mrs. Fatmawati Soekarno was prepared. The shape and size of the flag was not standardized, because the fabric is not perfect size. Indeed, the cloth was not originally prepared for the flag.
Meanwhile, the people who already know will be implemented Independence had gathered. Soekarno's house has been overrun by a mass of young people and the people that marched regularly. Some people seem nervous, worried about the intrusion of the Japanese. The sun was getting higher, the Proclamation had not yet begun. It was Sukarno attacked by pain, night chills and a new continuous sleep after they finish formulated text of the Proclamation. The guest has arrived, the people who have been waiting since morning, was getting impatient again. They are filled with eager tense atmosphere hard to ensure that the Proclamation be done immediately. The youths who can not wait, start pressing Bung Karno to immediately read the text of the Proclamation. However, Bung Karno did not want to read the text of the proclamation without the presence of Mohammad Hatta. Five minutes before the ceremony began, Mohammad Hatta comes with a white-and-white clothes and headed straight for Sukarno's room. While welcoming the arrival of Mohammad Hatta, Sukarno rose from his bed, then get dressed. He also wore white-and-white Stelan. Then both of them toward the ceremony.
Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro (1984:92-94) describes the ceremonial reading of the Proclamation's text. The ceremony took place was simple. Without the protocol. Latief Hendraningrat, a member of PETA, immediately signaled to the entire row of young men who have been waiting since morning to stand. Simultaneously all standing upright with perfect attitude. Latief then lets Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta took a few steps toward the microphone. With a steady and clear voice, a brief introductory speech Sukarno before reading the text of the proclamation.
"Ladies and gentlemen! I've asked you here present, to witness a most important event in our history. Decades of our nation of Indonesia has struggled for the independence of our country. Even hundreds of years. Wave action we are to achieve our independence there was no increase in the decline. But our souls remain toward ideals. Also in the Japanese era, our efforts to achieve national independence did not stop. In the Japanese era seems we just rely on them. But in fact, still we develop our own energy. Fixed we believe in the power of its own. Now it's time we really take the fate of the nation and the fate of our homeland in our own hands. Only people who dares to take fate in own hands, will be able to stand strong. So we, last night held a meeting with leaders of the Indonesian people from all over Indonesia, it was unanimous-consent of one word opinion, that now come the time to declare our independence.
My brothers! We hereby declare that determination. Hear Our Proclamation: Proclamation; We Indonesian people hereby declare independence of Indonesia. Things about the transfer of power and others, organized and thorough manner in the shortest possible date. Jakarta, August 17, 1945. On behalf of the Indonesian Soekarno / Hatta.
So brothers and sisters! We now have been independence. There is no one else ties that bind our homeland and our nation! From this moment we are preparing our country! Independent States. Republic of Indonesia independence, eternal, and eternal. Inshallah, God bless our liberty. " (Koesnodiprojo, 1951).
The event, followed by a flag raising ceremony. Sukarno and Hatta took a few steps down the last stair of the front porch, approximately two meters in front of the pole. When S. K. Trimurti requested forward to flying the flag, he refuses: "better a soldier," he said. Without telling anyone, Latief Hendraningrat PETA green uniform filthy advanced to near the flagpole. S. Suhud took the flag from the top tray which has been provided and tied on a rope assisted by Latief Hendraningrat.
The flag is raised slowly. Without the lead, the audience spontaneously singing Indonesia Raya. Flag dikerek with very slow, to adjust to the rhythm of Indonesia Raya songs long enough. After the flag raising, followed by a welcome speech from Mayor Soewirjo and dr. Muwardi.
After the ceremonial reading of the Declaration of Independence, Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:77) suggests that there is an army of pioneers who numbered rows approximately 100 people under the leadership of S. Brata, entered the yard of Sukarno. They came too late. With a loud voice full of disappointment S. Brata advised to read the Proclamation, Bung Karno once again. Bung Karno heard the cry does not have the heart, he stepped out of his room. In front of a microphone mouthpiece he explained that the Proclamation only spoken one time and is valid forever. Brata heard the statement that was not satisfied, he asked that Bung Karno gave a brief message. This time the demand is met. Completion ceremony of the people still do not want to move, some members of the Barisan Pioneer still sat huddled in front of the room Bung Karno.
Not long after the Bung Hatta home, according to Lasmidjah Hardi (1984:79) came three lords of Japan. They were ordered to wait in the back room, without a chair. Sudiro been able to guess, why they came. The members of the Barisan Pioneers began surrounding him. Bung Karno was wearing pajamas when Sudiro in, so had to get dressed again. Then came the dialogue between the envoys of Japan with the Bung Karno: "We sent out by Gunseikan Kakka, came here to say Proclamation prohibits Sukarno." "Proclamation had my say," replied calmly Bung Karno. "Have?" Asked the Japanese delegation was surprised. "Yes, already!" Said Bung Karno. Japanese envoy around, eyes bulging and young people have placed their hands over their respective machetes. Viewing these circumstances, the Japanese people were immediately excused himself. Meanwhile, Latief Hendraningrat pensive thought negligence. Because gripped with tense atmosphere, he forgot to call Soetarto from PFN to document the event. Luckily, there were Frans IPPHOS Mendur of the plate only three sheets of film (at that time there was no roll of film). So, from all that historic event, the documentation there are only three, namely when reading the text of the Proclamation, Bung Karno, during the flag raising, and some images the audience who witnessed the incident.
Cover
Major historical events that have changed the way the history of the Indonesian nation lasted only one hour, with full kehidmatan. Although very simple, but he has brought remarkable changes in the way of Indonesian history. "Echoes of the bell of independence" sounds to all corners of the Archipelago and spread throughout the world. The youths, students, and officials of the Indonesian nation in service-critical communications department works diligently contents of the proclamation was broadcast throughout the country. Indonesian journalists who worked on the Japanese news agency Domei, though has been sealed by the Japanese government, they tried to propagate the proclamation that echoes throughout the world.
Free Cultural Festival!
Source news>>> Secretariat of State
Prof. Dr. H. Dadan Wildan, M. Hum
Staff of the Special Minister of State Secretary R.I.
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